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Organic design

Organic design refers both to a style and to a design principle or construction principle. As a stylistic concept, it stands in contrast to geometric, functionalist and austere styles, as it draws inspiration from organic forms and, on occasion, inorganic structures—particularly crystalline ones—both of which occur in nature. Powerful arches and dynamic curves are classic hallmarks of organic design. Typically, though not exclusively, amorphous, natural-looking forms that symbolise nature are used to create a soothing, natural impression. Many designs allude to structures formed by organic growth or shaped by the forces of nature.

As a design principle, organic design can be found in many different styles; there is no single stylistic unity. Rather, organic form-finding can be found in traditional, high-tech and minimalist styles alike. What is characteristic here is not the stylistic expression, but the construction principle modelled on nature (cellular, networked, skeletal, crystalline, etc.), in which the classical static combination of supports and loads is abandoned in favour of a more elastic and freely appearing structure. Common to all organic objects is a form developed from the inside out and an emphasis on emotional expression. Recurring techniques include an asymmetrical structure, flowing lines and soft forms, directional structures, sculptural volumes and a dynamic formal language. In organic architecture, buildings sometimes appear to grow, and at other times to literally explode from the inside out.

In architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, Eero Saarinen and, in Germany in particular, Hans Scharoun have been pioneers. Rudolf Steiner’s architectural approach, by contrast, took a distinct path. Today, futuristic-looking architectural works by Frank O. Gehry, Zaha Hadid and Peter Cook’s Kunsthaus in Graz are once again increasingly featuring organic design elements. Alongside pioneers such as Charles Eames, Ron Arad, Joe Colombo, Luigi Colani, Massimo Iosa-Ghini and Ross Lovegrove, they are regarded as outstanding exponents of organic design.